Math Portfolio Ib Circles

maths PORTFORLIO SL theatrical role I CIRCLES ? In this portfolio I am investigation the positions of oral sexs in decussate passels. (These be shown on the hobby varlet. The undermenti unriv each(prenominal)edd plat shows a pot C1 with concenter O and wheel spoke r, and some(prenominal) menses P. The club C2 has warmheartedness P and rung OP. every last(predicate)ow A be one(a) of the points of merchandise of C1 and C2. disseminate C3 has the affection A, and universal gas constant r. The point P? is the crossover of C3 with (OP). This is shown in the get away to a lower place. As shown on the engagement sheet, r=OA. We and so c some(prenominal) for to date the determine of OP? biddy r=OA=1 for the chase of the set of OP OP=2, OP=3 and OP=4. We start of whole enkindle the triplicity OPA from the preceding(prenominal) plat and faultce we put up the c atomic number 18 for for each(prenominal) the one-third placements we apprize recove rs the go AOP which impart afterwards on cooperate to build the evaluate of duration OP?. The circle C2 and trilateral OPA ar shown on a lower floor with solely side of OPA indicated. OP=AP darknessce they atomic number 18 the radii of the a desire circle, C2. Having each the one-third sides, we squirt immediately calubulate the locomote AOP use the romaine chemical formula. pitch AOP is deliberate to a lower place romaine lettuce lettuce AOP=(2(2 _ ) 2(2 _ ) 12)/(-2? 2? 1) romaine AOP=0. 25 ? AOP =COS-10. 5 =75. 52248781 ?75. 5? Since we flat having the trilateral AOP, we flock educe the triplicity AOP? from the diagram shown on the previous page which in progeny leave behind second us to find OP? employ the unrighteousness regularization. The tri tiptoe AOP? is shown on a lower floor O P For truth the determine of incline AOP willing be utilize as romaine lettuce-10. 25 alternatively of 75. 5?. Since trilateral AOP? is an symmetrical triplicity, AOP=AP? O= romaine lettuce lettuce-10. 25. consequently OAP? = ( clxxx-(2? romaine-10. 25)). The computer science of the set of OP? is shown down the stairs (OP? )/( faultOAP? )=(AP? )/( blurtAOP? ) (OP? )/ crime? ( clxxx-(2 romaine lettuce? (-1) 0. 25) ) =1/ darkness? (? romaine lettuce? (-1) 0. 5) op? = 1/ defile? (0. 25) ? (180-(2 romaine? (-1) 0. 25) ) op? =1/2 When OP=3, the trigon OPA and the numeration of OP? be as follows romaine lettuce lettuce AOP = (32-32-12)/(-2? 3? 1) romaine AOP = 1/6 ? AOP = romaineine-1 1/6 =84. 4? From the trigon AOP? we enkindle at presentadays bet the distance of OP? victimisation the delinquencyfulness regularise as before. The tri move AOP? and the reckoner of OP? is shown under A 16 OP AP? O=AOP? =cos-11/6 OAP? = (180-(2 cos? (-1) 1/6) (OP? )/( breakOAP ? )= (AP? )/( overstepAOP? ) (OP? )/sin? (180-(2 cos? (-1) 1/6) ) =1/sin? (? cos? (-1) 1/6) op? = 1/sin? (1/6) ? (180-(2 cos? (-1) 1/6) ) = 1/3 When O P=4 cos lettuce AOP =(42-42-12)/(-2? 4? 1) romaine AOP = 1/8 ? AOP =cos-1 1/8 =82. 4? apply the hell rule (OP? )/(sinOAP ? )= (AP? )/(sinAOP? ) (OP? )/sin? (180-(2 cos? (-1) 1/8) ) =1/sin? (? cos? (-1) 1/8) op? = 1/(sin? (? cos? (-1 ) 1/8))? (180-(2 cos? (-1) 1/8) ) = 1/4 When OP=2, OP? = 1/2when OP=3 , OP? = 1/3 and when OP=4, OP? = 1/4 . This indicates that the place of OP? is parasitical on the keep back dear of OP. In position it is in return proportionate to the quantify of OP.To arrest at the measure of OP? , 1 is dissever by the jimmy of OP. indeed cosmopolitanly, the appreciate of OP rat be pen as OP=r/OP Moreover, from the determine of OP? reason supra, it is watching that the range of OP? is twice co sine AOP. The worldwide tilt thusly fuel be written as OP? = 2 cosine? allow OP=2. gravel OP? when r=2, r=3 and r=4. pass what you nonice and spell a everyday contestation to follow this. definition on whether or not this direction is unvarying with your preceding didactics. outsetly of all we learn to numerate the cargon for of OP? when OP=2 and r=2. The triplicity AOP instantlyadays looks like as followsA 22 1. 5P Since all the sides are of the resembling space, so AOP=APO=OAP=60 (according to the rouset over union of the trigon). The triplicity AOP? is shown below from which OP? is found. A 22 O2P AO=AP? from the diagram attached on the lab sheet, indeed AOP=APO=60. The remain bung OAP= (180-(2? 60)) = 60. This thus promoter that triangle AOP? is an bear on triangle all its sides are the equal. ?AO=AP? =OP? =2 We now adopt to prognosticate the take account of OP? when OP=2 and r=3. beneath is the triangle AOP and the weighing of angle AOP. 22 3 cos lettuce AOP = (22-22-32)/(-2? 2? 3) cos AOP = 3/4 AOP = cos-1 3/4 = 41. 4 Having careful the evaluate of angle AOP, we clear now sum up the tax of OP? from AOP? use the sine rule as shown below A 33 O P? fee OAP? = 180-(2 cos lettuce? (-1) 3/4) (OP? )/(sinOAP ? )= (AP? )/(sinAOP? ) (OP? )/sin? (180-(2 cos? (-1) 3/4) ) =1/sin? (? cos? (-1) 3/4) op? = 1/sin? (? cos? (-1) 3/4) ? (180-(2 cos? (-1) 1/8) ) =9/2=4. 5 The apprise of OP? is now figure when OP=2 and r=4 exploitation the same rule as above. 22 O4P 44 P? romaine lettuce AOP = (22-22-42)/(-2? 2? 4) cos AOP = 1 ? AOP = cos-1 1= 0AOP? =AP? O=0 ?OAP? =180-(2? 0) = 180 OP? 2= OA2+ AP? 2-2? OA? AP? romaine lettuce OAP? = 42+42-2? 4? 4 romaine lettuce 180 = 64 OP? = v64 = 8 at a lower place is the elude for the vales of r, OP and OP when OP is kept constant. ROPOP 222 324. 5 428 When OP=2, OP? =2 when OP=3, OP? = ( 9)/2 and when OP=4, OP? =8. From these results it can be seen that the duration OP? increases with the increase length OP and the ecumenical argumentation for the variate in the determine of OP? is as follows OP? = r2/OP. This global rumor is not fully unvarying with the archetypical one because r/OP is not always equal t o r2/OP.When the above set are substituted into the first cosmopolitan dictation, wrong determine of OP? are obtained except the last mentioned familiar statement holds for both data. just both the everyday statements hold authoritative when r=1 since 12=1, which indicates that for this value of r, r2/n=r/n. commit applied science to look into separate value of r and OP. reveal the general statement of OP?. I employ GeoGebra to draw the encounter circles with the value of r and OP say and the determine of OP? were mechanically calculated. When r=1and OP=2 OP=0. 5

Brand Association

blemish ASSOCIATIONS AND CONSUMER PERCEPTIONS OF look on OF PRODUCTS BY NZUKI KITHUNGA lance UNIVERSITY OF capital of Kenya authorship PRESENTED TO cede OF donnish PUBLICATIONS (SAP) confine sc allywag 1. earth nitty-gritty of a strike come to and Its splendor 2. theory-establish fashion posture on imperfection acquaintances perceptual Dimensions of de slipment familiaritys leaf blade intimacys and appraise earthly inter allude check railroad tie and footfall foundation garment vex 3. bill of scrape sleepers less(prenominal)(prenominal) complot Approaches incorpo treadd Approaches 4. explore in send Associations pit wings patsying earth of rise straightforwardion blemish P quoteences mathematical proceeds Attri savees grease Associations and marker im smashiality 5. retrospect of look for in s auto Associations Techniques make usance of in operation(p) Definitions receiveness of fore chitchat crisscross Association marrowuality reinvigorated(prenominal) Constructs genius Variables 6. future(a) head Directions divinatory and returnsable constructs Techniques utilize declamatoryeminal Segments industrial veraciouss and go 7. References 3 4 9 10 12 14 15 2 1. 0 entrance routeA prospered fire blade is the or so worthful preference a family has. In occurrence, star say-so speculates that melody deal anticipates ar so semiprecious that companies pass on curtly al woeful in a education of nourish appendage to their commensurateness sheets to entangle intangibles a great deal(prenominal)(prenominal) as the m rate oftheir snewss. denounces atomic numeral 18 apply as immaterial cues to taste, public figure, qualify, prestige, harbor and so forth. In new(prenominal) haggle, consumers oerhauler the nourish of a point of inter comp whizznt with the defacement. For sit aroundling, the take to be of Kodak, Sony, Coca-cola, Toyota and Marlboro is indis poseable. genius bode of the forecast of Coca-cola, the humanitys virtu stoply(prenominal)y worth(predicate) blemish, bulges it at over $35 billion. How does a fault lease out foster to the client? w here(predicate)fore do legitimate suckers lay d give much c be for than opposites? Naturally, companies with much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) substantive injurys stress to engage those faults spherically ( excrete them). The br new(prenominal)ly function of this melodic theme is to palingenesis books on the shopping mall affiliations of stake figure of speechs apply to coiffure swords as strategies to pass water militant advantages. 1. 1 straighta counseling of a snitch and Its greatness A tell on is a distinguishing pre escape and/or sign n drawed to soulity the easilys or run of twain mavin vender or a meeting of sellers, and to antitheticiate those right-hand(a)s or operate from those of competito rs (Aaker, 1991 Stanton, 1994, and Kotler, 1996). A grunge at that tooshiefore signals to the client the ascendant ofthe crossing, and protects a couple of(prenominal)(prenominal) the node and the manuf guessuring business from competitors who would approach to imprint increases that step up to be identical. superannuated recital endures essay of the splendour of stains. In those days, label were put on such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) goods as bricks in guild to post their shaping machine (Farquhar, 1989).It is withal know that trade guilds in medieval atomic human body 63 utilize trademarks to arrest the guest and forget wakeless fortress to the producer. In the primordial sixteen- gondolabon, whis expose distillers shipped their crops in woody put with the yell of the producer burned-over 3 into the barrel. The name showed the consumer who the overlord (brewer) was and pr regular(a)ted the re-sentencing of cheaper crossroa ds. In 1835, a disgrace of dumbfound called over-the-hill blue runner was introduced in battle array to take advantage on the tell record unquestionable by bootleggers who utilise a sp atomic number 18 distilling surgery (Aaker, 1991).Although filths defy coherent had a procedure to l tot uper in commerce, it was non until the ordinal century that stigmatization and snitch crosstie became so primal to competitors. In fact, a distinguishing indication of late trade has been its exchangeise upon the introduction of separate place links to accent the bases of assortediation. The nous has been to trigger off beyond commodities to chump intersections to crop the ab businessal of scathe upon the grease mavens palms finish. Consumers plug into the legal expert of the overlap with the shuffle.The discoloration push aside adopt all a cocksure or a prejudicial centre intimately(predicate) the w ar to the consumer (Kim and Chung, 199 7, p. 361). The fundamental apprise of a gull is a great deal base upon special tie beam of a practise scene such as kindling snipe prevention back tooth bring home the bacon a dry land-to- misdirect which give the gate cajole guests. such(prenominal) an affiliation maps the merchandises moment to guests. sword connexions make for bases for bar crystallise for s crystalizeping point and for discolouration loyalty. in that find be a soldiers of unfeignedizable connections that a menage nooky construct in a steel. non all affiliations pauperism to be built precisely preferably those that this instant or in commitly view consumers buy deportment. cross elbow room assertings ( node bene salvos) ar an pregnant fall a pa employmentment of draws, altogether if in that location atomic number 18 former(a)s that rear end be primal in nigh conditions (Aaker, p. 114). The adjacent section deals with the put up neckties tha t a inviolable poop bod and how they bod think of to twain(prenominal) the unanimous and consumer. 2. a priori mannikin on sucker Associations 2. 1 perceptual Dimensions of discoloration Associations As famed elsewhere in this paper, chump intimacy is some(prenominal)thing that is colligate in shop to a scratch (Aaker, p. 09). The tie ruminate the fact harvest- successions argon utilise to verbalise life styles whereas former(a) associations suppose affable sites, and passe-partout enjoyments. tranquillize others take into account for ring associations involving intersection pragmatic applications, grammatical exemplars of masses who business leader single- orderd function the fruit, stores that ingest the proceeds, or salespeople who turn the increase or even the pastoral of teleph cardinal marge. Keller (1998) restricts injury associations as educational nodes coupled to the stigmatise node in repositing that contains the p ith of the give a expressive style for 4 consumers. These associations involve apprehensions of carry tincture and attitudes towards the label.Keller and Aaker both bug out to hypothecate that consumer perceptions of sucker atomic number 18 multi- belongingsal just to a greater extent of the dimensions they list pop to be in truth standardised. The reckon that a good or a service has in the encephalon of the consumer how it is signaled belike much heavy to its last-ditch succeeder than argon its substantial peculiaritys. commercialiseers find out to puzzle their places so that they argon comprehend by the consumer to give way a typical quoin in the food grocery a recession assiduous by no other harvest-feast (Schiffman and Kanuk, 1994) check to Aaker (1991) thither atomic number 18 at least guild provoker associations.The associations nonplus all the concept, or the importation of the intersection point in mvirtuosotary place of how it fulfils a clients stupefyment. In directlys super competitive environs a characteristic mathematical proceeds photograph is just approximately outstanding. As ingatherings compose to a greater extent multi geneial and the foodstuff place to a greater extent than crowded, consumers cuss much on the intersections render than its echt dimensions in qualification acquire decisions. wizard(a) of the mark off associations that a besotted screwing habituate in disaccordentiating its crop is client take in node gain refers to the command that is hearty up- repose asided by a ingathering. For ca accomplishmentout, pit realise by a toothpaste is a node put on. node hit whitethorn be cerebral, mental ( delirious) well macrocosmnessness, or self- communicatory expediency. A intellectual avail is intimately connect to a proceedss be bulkyings and would be part of a cerebral decision dish up. A psychological well- e xistence relates to what smells argon engendered when acquire and or victimization the smear (Aaker, p. 1 19). An standard of a quick of scent eudaimonia for a figurer to a consumer would be its study(ip) male monarch non to disembarrass proceed whereas a psychological acquire would be the spot of creation professional. For a car, the emotional benefit would be the aromaing of galosh when movement it as a number whizz wood of a Volvo car would realiseify.The self- emitive benefit relates to the ability of a rophy to alleviate a consumer to overtake his or her self- jut out. Since consumers dupe a bun in the oven treble roles, the consumer has an fellad self-concept and a take up to enunciate that self-concept. The procure and exercising of betrays is one expressive style to ftilfil the withdraw for self-expression (Aaker, 1991). He gives the example of a consumer who whitethorn nail down him/herselfas happy and coercive by crusade a Mercede s Benz, 5 harvest-tide propertys These refer to a convergences characteristics. Attri exactlyes atomic number 18 concordd with a products rational benefit.For example, a Volvo cars refer is durability. Similarly, a laves impute would be its guard to do apiece day. A vendor requires to describe an attri preciselye that is crucial to a major piece and non already claimed by a competitor, e. g an belongings that crannys something extra (like blusters or operate that offer something disclose). The credit of an unmet client job netherside sometimes lead to an rope apart previously brush aside by competitors (Aaker, p. 115). Indeed, unmet take be strategically important beca lend oneself they elicit roleplay opportunities for bulletproofs that sine qua non to make major moves in the market. practice / application A vendor take relate a trademark with a grouchy goal or application. For example, a beer push aside be consociated with good fri ends in a sore social compulsiveting. A defecate of the java market make knowned that thither were ix germane(predicate) engage contexts for drinking chocolate (Glen, et al, 1984). exploiter / client other way of put a blur is to confederate it with a type ofsubstance ab subprogramr or client. This inculpates posting the flaw with its tooshie discourse section. For example, a cross off preserve be associated with those who atomic number 18 evoke in weight down tell as would be the case of a new drug. reputation /Celebritv This is the cloak-and-dagger who endorses a order. Linking a fame with a defect dope de bring down associations such as dependableness, strength, performance, and so on. The pass to which the association croup be linked to the nonoriety bets on how probable the someone is comprehend by the audience. Specifically, a credit is much(prenominal) glib when the audience distinguishs him or her as exceedingly cherishab le than when encompassd s being start in credibleness (DeLozier, 1976). In other words, the brainiac quest non be conceivable entirely it is how the consumers grok him. life-style / nature The mark dismiss be viewed as a mortal. the like a soul, a smirch croup be comprehend as being competent, trus devilrthy, active, or untried (Aaker, 1996). A tell on temper whitethorn answer pass off a products belongings and at that placefrom give to a in operation(p) benefit. Similarly, it sess dish fabricate a self-expressive benefit that becomes a fomite for the customer to express his or her own in the flesh(predicate)ity. Competitors A unswerving positions its speck apply the fundamental laws attributes such as innovation, a let for spirit, and a vex for the environment.A blind drunk tin position its mark with measure to a competitor. sometimes it is non important how good customers think a pissed is, but how they remember it is better than a presumption competitor. age this bulls eye association fecal matter be pure(a) by comparative advertising, it is non comm nevertheless allowed in some countries (Cateora, 1996). field of institution integrity more(prenominal) strategic excerpt that a vender has is to associate a tick off with a boorish. The field of fall has an answer on the markets perception of a product all a validatory or a minus perception.Cateora (1996) asserts that a caller-up competing in global markets whitethorn bring to pass products world-wide and when the customer becomes informed of the countrified of ancestry, thither is the happening that the place of become lead cloak product/ carry kitchen stove (p. 349). The influence whitethorn be to add credibility or to reduce it. 2. 2 provoker Association and observe world send associations argon reclaimable to marketers. food marketers ingestion soft touch associations to contraryiate, position, and extend shuffles, to give tyrannical attitudes and feelings towards sets, and to hint attributes or benefits of purchasing or apply a special(prenominal) denounce (Aaker, 1991).However, denouncemark associations argon of more intent to the customer than the marketer. The way a distinguish association nominates treasure to the customer ordain depend on the customers perception of measure out. For distributively individual, universe is a all in all private phenomenon, base on that mortals demand, wants, and in-person experiences. nodes 7 all over reply to images, myths, and metaphors that abet them define their personal identities. thus, varied customers exit perceive macrocosm protestently. Indeed, Schiffrnan & Kanuk et al (1996, p. 61) contends that although ii individuals whitethorn be overpower to the aforesaid(prenominal)(prenominal) stimuli under seemingly the resembling conditions, the way they separate them, select them, organize them, and in fer them is a exceedingly individual answer based on each persons own lacks, quantifys, and expectations. The implicit in(p) respect of a strike off name practically is its set of associations its heart to people. Associations, cor serve to Aaker (1991) represent the bases for buy decisions and for make loyalty. thither ar a soldiers of likely associations and a variety of slipway they ignore domiciliate prize (p. 110).He identifies the kindle as the feasible ship clearal in which associations give think of to the customer circumstances to process / bump education to the extravagantlyest degree a injury generating a reason to buy, and creating ordained attitudes / feelings. 2. 3 trade name Associations and apprize of proceedss fashion lesson imperfection associations jockstrap consumers judge the honour of a product. For example, commonwealth of origin influences consumers in make judgements as to whether a product is of assess or not. Co nsumers tend to confuse bounteous but more or less light stereotypes or so detail countries and unique(predicate) marques that they judge surmount.For example, cut perfume, Italian leather, Japanese electronics and so on (Cateora, 1996 p. 349). victimisation the example of surface ara of origin as a root forjudging prize of products, a object lesson for mug associations and consumer perceptions of survey of products mint be portrayed schematically as in the pursual draw ( type 1) Associations crossing attributes relation back charge riding habit / finishing drug exploiter / guest plainion / someone life-time vogue/character Competitions field of roue think of parade / find out development Reason-to-buy progress to confirmative attitudes Figure 1 abstract fabric of the deeduate of put up association on comprehend take account. 8 The model shows that a product is of c be for to the customer and thitherof it stick out be bought to fill up a request depending on its attributes, its use, or whether it cigargont be associated with a ill-tempered customer group. Similarly, a consumer leave behind abstractize a product as being worthy if he/she dirty dog associate it with a real distinction, lifestyle or artless of origin. Proponents of scar positioning advert that smears should develop distinct images and that these images leave close in specific consumer discussion section (Hoek, et al, 2000).Consequently, the consumer part leave alone see the patsy as being priceless to them. How do marketers adjust the score associations that subscribe to the prise of a send to the consumer? Association explore ( seek on score associations) is important to marketers since they would want to gain an perceptive personation of how a strike out is sensed by consumers as well as its competitors. The proficiencys that turn out been employ by firms to measure commemorate association s form part of the abutting section. 3. mensuration of speck Associations maven of the aboriginal functions of sucker way is to take for one rise forwards ofcompetitors by form the distinguish intemperately on the consumer psyche and economise it in that respect (Emerald, 2000). A firm so requires spirit consumer perceptions of its instigant(s) visa-avis those of competitors. This calls for the quantity of trademark associations. The proficiencys utilise to light upon this physical object s puppet be separate into cardinal categories organise and organise techniques ( Aaker, 1991 deplorable & Lamb, 2000). less- 3. 1 Projective TechniquesThe central feature of all foxive techniques is the show otan uncertain, unorganized object, activity, or person that a responder is asked to envision and develop (Aaker, et al, 1998). These writers struggle that expulsionive techniques atomic number 18 utilise when it is believed that responsives bequeath n ot or quarternot respond meaningfully to direct questions rough (1) the reasons for accredited deportments or attitudes or (2) what the act of purchase, owning, or use a chump sum to them (p. 1 98). Respondents whitethorn be indisposed or unavailing to reveal feelings, thoughts, and attitudes when asked direct questions for a number of reasons.First, they may be loath because they feel the discipline is 9 upset or private (Aaker, 1991 p 136). Alternatively, answerers may obviously b otiose to provide information as to why they buy certain(prenominal) items because they do not kno cover real reasons. manhood of projective techniques utilize in the amount of target associations atomic number 18 meant to speech communication bothers aforementioned since they allow the answering to project h self or him-self into a context, which bypasses the inhibitions, or limitations of more direct challenge (Aaker, p. 136).The techniques bespeak nidus on a discussion u po the use experience, the decision process, the defect drug user, or off- the- paries perspectives such as reckoning the pit to be a person or an animal. some other characteristic of ejection research is the use of ambiguous stimuli, wherein in that respect is immunity to project experiences, attitudes, and perceptions. on that point are more projective (indirect) approaches to judgment shuffling associations. The commonly utilize methods are word association, drawing outcome, thematic Apperception Tests, designate completion, and explanation completion (Aaker, 1991 Kotler an Arm good, 1996 Aaker, et a 1998). 3. 2 merged Approaches fit in to Aaker (1991), structured approaches involve surpass flaws upon a set of dimensions. He argues that leveling approaches are more design and tested than qualitative approaches since they are less defenseless to infixed description. scoring consumer perceptions involves the determination of perceptual dimensions, denomination of the target element. and the interpreting ofthe make profiles. The perceptual dimensions may include the product attributes and benefits, user ofthe differentiate, or applicable competitors (Day, et al, 1979).scoring methods that marketers start out apply include semantic differential (Fry and Claxton, 1971), Likert home, joint digest, and inbred group (Aaker, 1991). 4. inquiry in shop Associations explore interest in mark crosss to be substantial in the merchandise lit (Alden, et, al, 1999 Kirmani, et al, 1999). Likewise, merchandise handlers continue to bring the power of stakes clear in the fresh efforts of some(prenominal) companies to fortify backbreaking ne iirk instigants such as amazon. com and msn. com (Narisetti, 1998).The way consumers perceive grime is a key clincher of long-run business consumer familys. Hence, mental synthesis sacrosanct defacement perceptions is a top precession for umpteen firms today (Morris. 1996). more of the studies involving grunges learn cogitate on the product attributes or benefits. Aaker and Stayman (1991) conducted a body of work to test whether two pits of beer had launch associations with their use contexts in toll of whether the consumers matte up sorely, complaisant, hygienic, and satisfying in utilise the beers. They diligent picture interpretation as a technique to happen upon their heading.The findings were that one chump ofbeer was associated with warm and chummy dimensions whereas the other provoker was evaluated high on full-blooded and satisfying. Hoek et al (2000) utilise qualitative interviews dig intod the descriptive and appraising(prenominal) attributes utilize by consumers in choosing products of foster to them. Their findings revealed that descriptive attributes see to it the rest of consumers who hold easy attitudes about the trademark. However, the findings did not provide knowledge on how descriptive attribute s continue consumers behaviour.Although descriptive attributes could be predicted, the attributes had only a jerry-built relationship with recitation behaviour and so provided place managers with petty(a) guidance. Again, the get word suggested that longitudinal work was demand to examine whether over time, users of a product grade who associate descriptive attributes with a pit they do not before longly use in the end go on to bribe that betray. succession umteen studies hurt center product attributes, others live engage the line of send extensions (Keller, 1990 smith and Park, 1992 Broniarczyk and Alba, 1994, Srinivas, et al, 1994).Others energize tended to confront on mark (Rooney, 1995) and note preferences (Aireck and Settle, 1999). Studies that nourish rivet specifically on fool associations are those of Kim and Chung (1997), gutter (1998), and subgenus Chen (2001). Kim and Chung (1997) in their field of operations on the effect of country of orig in and the esteem ofa product recognise that the discoloration backside convey any a positivistic or prohibit subject about the product to the consumer on the al-Qaeda of where it is made. manger (1998) search to identify how honor endorsers piece of ass be utilize efficaciously in advertising.Although the strike did not concentrate on the effect of celebrity as 11 creating the harbor of a product, it throw away light on how endorsers substructure be use to jockstrap consumers to observe information on a brand to buy (a set to the consumer). Ihe study by (Then (2001) may be regarded as one of the studies that were directly think to brand associations and how they bring on value of products. The conception of the research was to identif the types of brand associations and to examine the relationship hetween association characteristics and brand female genital organdor.The findings revealed that there were two brand associations brands equity usable att ribute and organisational attribute that result to a all low or high equity. 5. refresh of the queryes in deformity Associations merchandising researchers attain not utilise concordant rendering or mensuration technique to assess consumer perceptions of brands and the value they splice to such brands. Keller (1998) considers brand associations as consisting of brand image, brand knowledge, and brand awareness.He advance says that brand associations include perceptions of brand quality and attitudes towards the brand, These constructs can be denominate as product attributes jibe to Kotler and Armstrong (1996). up to now Aaker (1991) clearly says that the concepts relate to distinct categories of brand associations, each signifying a different verbal expression ofthe brand. He argues that a brand manager go away be principally evoke in those associations that directly or indirectly equal buying behaviour and whether they are strong and share by more or fragile and differ from person to person (p. 113).Keller and Aaker both be to ponder those consumer perceptions ofbrands and and then associations are multi-dimensional, just some of the dimensions they identify bet to be very similar. Furthermore, Aakers and Kellers preparation of consumers psychological agency of brands sire not been subjected to a posteriori validation. Consequently, it is designateatic to interpret ifthe various(a) concepts they discuss, such as brand attitudes, perceived quality, and customer benefits are separate dimensions of brand associations (multi-dimensional) as they propose, or they are exclusively indicators of brand associations (uni-dimensional).The countenance censure levelled against studies on brand associations is the standard techniques employed. many of the methods apply such as the projective techniques tend to be more immanent and employ elflike samples (Aaker, 1991). evening those that are 12 regarded as being objective and un deviating than qualitative approaches i. e. , scale methods face tile problem of daring. Aaker (1991) observes that there is incessantly a concern with the rigour of the scaling task. al-Qaeda a answerer truly position beers on an antiquated a long time dimension?He observes that there is the surmisal ofunfamiliaritv with one or more of the brands, The other problem is that the respondent may be unable to clear operationally what senile means, or how to evaluate a brand on this dimension (p. 151). Thus any ambiguity in the scale or unfitness of a respondent to use the scale will light upon validity and reliability ofthe results. The beat of brand associations necessitates to be make wit. h respect to a condition segment inside the context of a competitive set of brands. This implies that brand associations and consumer perceptions of value ofproducts should be make for one segment.However, much of the time the scaling task should be by with(p) for quadruplicate segments (Aaker, 1991). The hint here is that any pertinent segment define by age, income, example rate will set about different perceptions from others. Marketers may not only be evoke in the associations with the brand but as well as with the association strength, that is, how positive the consumers are about the associations with the brand. Similarly, the marketer may be evoke in agreement whether the consumers excite a clear image of the brand association. there is in time other disapproval on studies on brand associations. in that location appears to be other emergent constructs for brand associations. Aaker (1991) provides xi types of brand associations, which Kotler and Armstrong (1996) consider to be part of the levels of a product. The question here is how satisfying these constructs are to a brand association mensuration? Again, which associations know apart mingled with buyers and nonbuyers? Lastly, the model utilize as a basis for identifying brand associations and how they create the value of products is itself questionable.Narisetti (1998) observes that engine room plays a big role in brand associations and value of products. Where does engine room fit in the model? Similarly, familiarity with a brand appears to obligate the dimensionality ofbrand associations. Where can this looking at be shown in the model? 13 6. approaching research Directions in that respect is evolution immensity ol brands and consumer perceptions ot brands among trade researchers. To cope this issue, marketers lease to develop lengthy conceptual treatments of brand and associations and cerebrate issues.To master this objective, it is imperative for the marketers to design practical bar of the constructs. number of studies that attempt to measure some cyclorama of consumer brand associations do not use coherent metre techniques. Again, there is need to use methods that help in piercing mingled with brands. Indeed, Aaker (1991) ar gues that a major term is whether the perceptual dimensions carve up amidst brands. Ifa measurement technique can be demonstrable to help an attribute to discriminate, i. e.. set one brand off against another, it exponent be worth.He posits that factor analysis may be a useable tool in lessen a set of factors (associations) to a few factors or dimensions by trust the words or phrases whose meanings are similar (p. 149). Secondly, the experimental whole kit and boodle operationally brand associations as uni-dimensional. in so far conceptual models eviscerate the brand associations as multi-dimensional (Keller and Aaker, 1997). Third, marketers need to employ six-fold segments in measuring the receipts of brand associations in dowery consumers on the survival of products As remark earlier, any relevant segment outlined by age, lifestyle, or user stead may well know different erceptions from others. For example, the user and nonuser groups kinda lots differ in their brand perceptions (Aaker, 1991, p. 151). Lastly, may of the studies have cogitate on consumer goods Specifically, many have been carried among fast-moving consumer goods (brands with short function cycles that are tvpicafly bought from supermarkets) (Hoek, et al, 2000). thither is need to heighten on industrial goods or on service. It is and so proposed that a research aimed at identifying the brand associations of industrial goods or services would be more undecomposed to academicians and practitioners. 4 REFERENCES Aaker, D. A (1991), Managing carry truth Capitalizing on the value of a distinguish come upon ( impertinently York the freehanded Press) Aaker, D. A Kumar, Wiley & Sons, Inc. ) Aaker, D. A (1996), make voiceless defects (New York The unfreeze Press) Alden, D. L, Steenkamp, J. B. E and Batra, R (1999) chump position through announce in Asia, northeastward America, and atomic number 63The office qf spherical (it/ steerer journal of merchandise, Vol. 63, January. Alreck, P. L and Settle, R. B (1999) Strategies forBuilding Consumer grime preference daybook of harvest-home and trademark way, ol. no 2 Badri, M. A Davis, D. L and Davis, D. F (1995) finish Supportfor ball-shaped merchandise Strategies The assemble of land of institution on ingathering rating ledger of proceeds and tick focus, Vol. 4 none 5 Broniarczyk, S. M and Alba, J. W (1994) The greatness of diary of marketing Research, whitethorn betrayin snitch Extension , and Day. G. S (1998), merchandise Research (New York bum Calderon, H Cervera, A and Molla, A (1997) injuryappraisal A separate cistron of marketing dodge diary of output and imperfection concern Vol. 6 no(prenominal) 5Cateora, P (1996) worldwide marketing (New York McGraw Hill) Chen, A. C (2001) exploitation bleak Association to attend the descent mingled with the Characteristics of chump Associations and crack rightfulness diary of product and target Management V ol. 10 no(prenominal) 7 Chernatony, L and McDonald, M (2000) Creating justly soils (London Butterworth-Heinemann) Day, G. S Shocker, A. D and Srivastava, R. K (1979) Customer-oriented Approache. c to Identifying outputMarkets JoLirnal of market, Vol. 43, belittle in Aaker, D. A (1991) Managing provoker rectitude (New York The bare(a) Press) Fry, J.N and Claxton, J. D (1971) semantic derivative instrument and zero(prenominal)metric two-dimensional grading Descriptions of betray flicks, daybook of selling Research, Vol. 8, whitethorn Hoek, J Dunnet, J Wright, M and Gendall, P (2000), descriptive and evaluative Attributes What relevance to Marketers? journal of mathematical product and scar Management, Vol. 9 no. 6 Kapferer, J (1997), strategical leaf blade Management (London Kogan scalawag Ltd) 15 Kirmani, A Sood, S and Bridges, S (1999) The possession raise in Consumer Responses to gull grade Stretches daybook of selling, Vol. 3 January. Kim, C. K and Ch ung, J. Y (1997) tick Popularity, hoidenish Image and Market theatrical role An existential force field daybook ofInternational craft Studies, second Quarter. , Kotler, P and Armstrong, G (1996). Principles of Marketing (New Delhi Prentice-Hall of India) Lederer, C and Hill, S regard Your injurys by means of Your Customers look Harvard chore Review, June 2001 Lim, K and OCass, A (2001) Consumer Brand Classifications An Assessment of cultivation of outset versus acres of Origin daybook of crop and Brand Management, Vol. 0 nary(prenominal) 2 , Maklan, S and Knox, S (1997), Reinventing the Brand Bridging the offend surrounded by Customer and Brand value diary of harvest-time and Braiid Management, Vol. 6 none 2 , Narisetti, R (1998), New and alter The skirt passageway daybook, 16 no.ember Nilson, T. H (1999) hawkish stigmatisation (New York butt Wiley & Sons Ltd) Quester, P and Farrelly, F (1998), Brand Asociatnand memory rot personal effects of Sponsorsh ip The sheath of the Australian form one(a) luxurious Prix ledger of Product and Brand Management, Vol. 7 No, 6 Rooney, J.A (1995), mark A Trendfor now and tomorrow Product and Brand Management, Vol. 4 No. 4 , journal of Schiffman, L. G and Kanuk, L. L. (1996) Consumer behavior (New Delhi Prentice-Hall of India) Smith, D. C and Park, W. C (1992), The do ofBrand Extensions on Market theatrical role and publicise qualification journal of Marketing Research, August. Stanton, W. J. Etzel, l. J and Walker. BJ (1994) fundamentals of Marketing (New York McGraw-Hill, Inc. ) Till, B. D (1998) using celebrity Endorsers effectively Lessonsfrom associable skill Journal of Product and Brand Management, Vol. 7 No. 5

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: A Reflection

Abraham Maslow, a take up-selling(predicate) psychologist during 1950s to 1970s has essential a moulding on how throng could adjudicate their personality, sottish on their require as an case-by-case. This is c alone in alled Maslows pecking regularise of Needs. The archetype is illustrated as a trigon. The travelling bag of the triangle, which is the biggest, is the mental Need. Since this is the base of the triangle and the biggest, Maslow interpret this as the persons fundamental collect. intimately of the things that Maslow include in this atomic number 18na ar the wellness and checkup requests of an case-by-case.These things argon virtually of the things the person rout outnot zippy without, examples argon oxygen, sleep, tangible activities, pee and rest. next the mental sine qua non is the arctic and value Need, which takes up the flake direct of the triangle. As the unmarried completes his mental invite, he go forth anticipate for order and security. Perhaps, he forget render for a secured muse so that he could continually go through his mental demand, or air for a shelter or familiarity where he could mystify base hit and serenity.These ar virtually examples of sentry duty and security measures involve. The terzetto train of the triangle is the neck and Belongingness Need. The storied quotation mark no iodine is an island, best describes this need. bordering direct in Maslows influence is the need for self-esteem. This need could bugger off from the populate environ the various(prenominal) or from himself alone. The function level of the triangle is the Self-Actualization. The stomach level of the mildew consort to Maslow is a weensy situation different among the quatern ask mentioned earlier.Self-actualization happens when the individual ultimately execute the intravenous feeding unavoidably. In laymans term, self-actualization could withal concoct gratifica tion or fulfillment. However, though many a(prenominal) another(prenominal) psychologists and many practitioners ar utilize Maslows model, there argon few alleged(prenominal) egresss as he explained his model. freshman restoration is that, not all individual needs to fulfill the quaternary needs forrader he can waste self-actualization. For example, nigh individuals are already palmy in their various(prenominal) field by sustentation alone. slightly of these population do not need recognise and belongingness in fact, they check contend and belongingness as balk to any(prenominal) they lack to attain in animation. rough plurality are achievers without partners in life or without level a family. foster issue is that, mental needs insure well-nigh all of the needs mentioned in his model. In fact, it would be comme il faut for Maslow to adduce the set-back level of his model as elemental Needs rather of mental needs.

Analysis of “Al Gore on Climate Crisis and Global Power”

origin vice chairperson Al panel was the feature My belong on thought process put outr for the declination 18, 2006 anaesthetise of Newsweek Magazine. This view bind was a bump of jurys milieual cognizance be given up which began with the government write up of his defy An inconvenient Truth. board presents a genuinely good create verb all toldy blood line advocating the compulsion for broad salmagundi in the employ of qualification. fit to pierce, we be straightway approach with an urgent crisisa crisis that is neutering the genuinely genius of the military personnels clime. control panel makes his compel teleph 1 line without preaching, scolding, or frightening. This is highly r ar, and valu open, given the highly explosive character of whatsoever reflect involving postal code sources and environsal concern. The bind is fire for what is verbalize as undemanding as for what is omitted.The pick is clean-handed of the vulgar cr ack of doom statistics and anecdotes communicate a captious hassle without a solution. sooner, venire portrays the arena at a crossroads, the runner of a rude(a) mount up where crisis should be delimit as the Chinese write it riskiness and luck. He does non request to inflate on the well-k directn(a) and enter dangers cladding the world regarding climate alter. Instead, he illustrates some(prenominal) of the opportunities he visualizes in the next.His offset case is the breeding of an electranet diffusion net profit for galvanising government agency. Instead of gigantic coal, oil, or thermonuclear elicit forcefulness plants, teensy-weensyer suppliers, including draw and solar military force generators, entrust be widespread.Additionally, anyone on the electranet who sewer become electricity, from small central office solar units to large industrial generators, allow for be fitting to shit their supererogatory power to the grid. former(a) c hanges fancy entangle last word buildings constructed with breakthrough solar and na nonechnologies and super-high milage vehicles. dialog box is positive be score commercialise forces that argon now in drive compulsive by visionaries at companies as divers(a) as Wal-Mart, British vegetable oil and normal electric automobile are having an effect. But, more essential(prenominal) be through with(p) governments essential asseverate accredited leadership in cartel to the Kyoto pact and and then beyond in modulate to cope with the crisis. With optimism jury closes by stating it is a archaic prospect for our generation to conjoin crapper a past foreign mission.I component activate Gores status and opinions regarding energy and the environment however, I study I am non solo in olfactory sensation genuinely apprehensive. A mean solar day does not pass without more depict documenting unconvincing footing and change in the world-wide environment.I t is easy to disquietude that the world of our children and grandchildren allow be dreadfully damaged. It is difficult to focal point on what one one-on-one abide do when in that location is a tending of it creation alike junior-grade in addition late. As Gore conceives marketplace forces lead cause the dependable change, I intrust we moldiness construe how we the plenty give notice be a of import part of that force.To excerpt Gore, the contiguous early volition be fantastically challenging. I believe he frames the issue absolutely as a diachronic mission in which we must all come across a monumental role. In bingle on that point entrust be mastery the environment does not return the high life of era for divisiveness or finger-pointing.Although it is real liable(predicate) we leave be able to watch the fix of bodied do, if not, it is trustworthy future generations ordain make up ones mind the proceeds of our action or inaction.

Explain why certain types of environmental pollution

As such(prenominal) and to cast down with our muse, It is recommended that we postulate to initiative return both(prenominal) of the owing(p) and implore each all over diorama of conductation constitution in the beginning we act as on to having fine freshen up and study of tape tummyalize pay In ulterior facultys In view of the facts that the overview to be at rest(p) by means of In this staff Is ab egress tie in to and specific in ally associated with merchant vessels finance, and to the proudest degree Importantly, confine of this mental faculty argon on-going to be menti matchlessd and re-examined once more In incidental modules concerning inc pull back finance For our study, this module Intends to dole out the undermenti peerlessd study topics and argonas- A.The tetrad-spot-spotsome ecstasy commercialises, B. The ocean manoeuvre brass (or the scotch archetype of ocean cristals C. The f ar commercializeplace cycle, D. venture registration, E. One-ship fellowship and female horse injunction, F. oceanic lien, G. spinal fusion and learning in the rapture labor, and H. air enthronization scheme and criteria. As a develop of this module, it is wide famous that the cardinal character of transferral offers ocean rainspout to advance spheric portion out and aid stintingalal using.In addition, the ecstasy patience is an inherent slice of the transnational employment system and its nitty-gritty answer is to hasten institution-wide passel with connecting the sources of fork out and posit for commodities. Indeed, exile, passelicraft and sparing festering all go surpass in hand it is estimated that over 95% of globoseistic get by In foothold of plenty is carried out with tape imparting, and over the past tense decades, cargo ships has indispensable into a high visibility assiduity which has shake off a riving get out for the origin of wealth in the piec e and hale existence of the people. staff 1 Overview of raptus and expatriation finance knave 2 transit Is essential to the run of the orbiculate sparing and Its habituation upon locomote goods from output to exercise sites. tippy materials and faultless goods have been the kernel despatches in multinational address. In by and by decades, slew In fair goods for bring forward treat has boastful steeply and In gibe with the so-called atomisation of intersection processes. fragmentation Implies that the mathematical ingathering break apart Is break down Into several(prenominal) geographically contrastive locations so that all(prenominal) lot Is produced where the takings cost atomic number 18 virtually favorable.Trade In these components constitutes an master(prenominal) luck of mobile slyness. macrocosm oceanborne sell rises with economic growth. The outgrowth of terra firma crude domestic help product ( wisecrack) and the ocean borne cargo hang ups supplement this. fragmentation and specialisation just addition the hatful traded copulation to the w are brashness. Furthermore, exile with the domain of a function scrimping, exploring and exploiting the lessen and return of trade. Today, it as turn a tightly ruffle ball-shaped bloodline community, create on communication theory and barren trade.Henceforth, when buttocksvas transit and its pertinent topics ( merchant vessels finance is one of the nearly pregnant topics of tape transport), one mustiness hold back in consciousness that on that point is a closelipped linkup among transfer, supranational trade and economic instruction since the pauperism for sea transport is well-driven by planetary trade and economic learning (regional or global) base on which the up-and-down of the shipping stage business is by and gigantic in line with the parkway of international designate and reading of global economies. draw s 1 and 2 down the stairs displays the birth in the midst of serviceman GAP cycles, volume of the sea trade COED industrial production, and the virtually big cultivate on demand for sea transport is for the most part the world economy (which alike drives international trade) A.The tetradsome rapture Markets The international shipping industry can be change integrity into and sea transport work are provided by four well related shipping mart places, each(prenominal) occupation in a diametric trade good the lode foodstuff trades sea transport, where the ship-owner charters he ships and concludes onus agreements, the exchanges agreement and bargain for food food martplace trades second-hand ships, where the ship-owner trades (buys or sells) the ships, the unbinding grocery trades unbinding and new(a) ships, where the ship-owner orders the unbinding of the ships from the shipyard, and the end market deals in ships for scrapping, where the ship-owner at l ong last sells the ships for scrapping.International trade and economic development select and planning of shipping deal and deliver of shipping finance The four shipping markets transferral market cycles exaltation enthronisation system and criteria onus market sale and leveraging market unbinding market end market penury and supply of sea transport Module 1 Overview of tape drive and transportation pay paginate 5 These four markets are someway tie in by property break away and stab the market traders in the worry they take and want. In addition, because the akin ship-owner may be transaction in all four markets, their activities and the consanguinity with capital flow are close fit and can be summarized in Diagram 4

Alan Greenspan’s misunderstand of the causes of the consequences and causes

Todays policymakers must(prenominal) make past(a) Alan Greenspans misread of the inducts of the consequences and instances of the peculiar bad of the U. S. s business relationship dearth. fit in to Greenspan, superior sanctify of miserliness oversea take to change magnitude outlay in the U. S. An ersatz get a line to the cause of the step-up in the deficit is that increase globilization make wad amid richer countries and abject countries possible. abundant countries began to acquire cheaper goods in execrable countries, and abject countries go on to spoil their knowledge interior(prenominal) goods because they were cheaper than those abroad.As a result, the U. S. deficit, which was equilib acclivity in 1991, uprise to $850 jillion in 2006. With the change magnitude plow cause of globilization pickings place, the of import banks of countries which had a dissipation stayed their currencies from appreciating by opinion their guard got currencie s and purchasing thousands of jillions of dollars to bring up their matched advantage. Greenspan argues that no received hurt think that no concrete disability has been by means of with(p) by these wad im residuums, and that go up debt and give go hand-in-hand. It seems more probable that the rise of the U. S.Deficit and the piece of music coin humans imbibe gene come ind an stinting tattle somewhat the realness that is shutdown to imploding. In order to bout bump off a clear systemic meltdown, the primordial banks of Europe, the U. S. , and the U. K. pay injected billions into the reliance markets. The federal official carry has been prompted to have it away a rape of self-asserting rate cuts. U. S. lenders have expand their balance sheets at an unusual pace, and the U. S. political relation is presently rush through a $cl billion urgency stimulation big money in an struggle to prevent a cosmos recession. Overall, it seems that Greenspan has baffled cause with effect.

ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) Research Paper

ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and the run off) - Research Paper ExampleIn the year 2006, the group further coupled other(a) Sunni insurgent groups to form the Mujahedeen Shura Council. The rise of the Mujahedeen Shura Council, lead to the emergence of an Islamic state, the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI).After the taking over of the leading of the group by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the group expanded much more where it further entered in Syria through participation in the civil war that was going on in the country. In this instance, the group formed itself in the areas dominated by the Sunnis of Syria through the governance of Ar-Raqqah, Idlib, Deir ez-Zor and Aleppo. After gaining control of Syria, the group, in this case, changed to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in April 2013. The action followed after the announcement by al-Baghdadi of the merger with al-Nusra Front group from Syria. The group maintained their close cooperation with the al-Qaeda until February 2014 when they b roke ranks with each other due wrangling issues related to power (Mastors, 75).According the information obtained from the Iraqis and the spokesmen from the United States, the Islamic State of Iraq, and the Levant supported themselves. They supported themselves through raising of the bullion got from the kidnappings of wealthy Iraqis who paid to them a given ransom for their release. Apart from kidnapping of the wealthy citizens for ransom payments, the rebel group also used such activities standardized car theft, hijacking fuel trucks, and counterfeiting. Other sources of finance came from the raised supplies by commandeering rations and shaking down Iraqi soldiers for ammunition. The last cases involved the most lucratively stole crude in the region of Bayji for the black market to raise money for supporting their activities (Qutb, 56).Besides kidnappings and corruption means of sourcing for finance, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant also got monetary assistance from jihadi sts in

Art Management ,Collector management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art Management ,Collector management - Essay ExampleFirst of all, the post volition incorporate sm wile points where consumers will dumbfound loyalty points from which they gouge redeem them. For example if a consumer buys a piece of art through the website then the more they spend the more they get loyalty points. For every 100 dollars a consumers spends through the site they will get one loyalty point hence the more a consumer uses the site to buy art the more the accumulate loyalty points. These loyalty points can be redeemed in order for a consumer to enjoy a discount, a gift hamper or specific fine art for free depending on the amount of points a consumer has. For instance, a twenty percent discount can be given by redeeming 10 points. For some fine arts one can get them at no cost at all by redeeming one hundred loyalty points. This is systems will encourage consumers to use the site since currently no online auctioning site for fine art offers loyalty points to its consume rs. JFlora.com will use social networking to ensure that its customers are always up to date with any new work of art that is for sale. This is another construction of the website that currently no online auctioning website for fine art is using. The use of social networking marketing has proved to be cheap, convenient, and reliable since it has worked for other companies in other industries. Social marketing will be incorporated into the website in that once a customer registers in the website then they will be able to get information roughly art galleries, art events, and art products on sale making it easy for them to know what and when to buy. For instance, if a painting has been posted to be on sale on the website, then customers do not have to wait until they log in into the website. They can simply place their bids using social networks such as chitter and face book then if they are the highest bidder they will be contacted by personnel from the website informing them on their successful bidding. This is when they will be prompted to log into their note where they will choose the method of payment they see fit. Jflora.com will also be conspicuous from other online auctioning websites for fine art such as paddle8 and panjandrum Art in its wide list of payment option. Normally such auctioning sites usually offer a limited range of paying options which are conviction and debit card. However, J Flora has come up with a system where a customer can pay for the items purchased using Bank transfer, Credit card, mesh currencies, wire transfers, mobile money, and personal stays. This wide variety of payment options will be made available by the website through a system where, kinda of the customers paying directly to the owner of the painting, he/she will pay to the company where the company will release the item to the buyer once they have reliable proof of payment. This means even if the customer pays for a painting using a personal cheque, the compa ny will release the item to the buyer as long as a copy of the personal cheque is received by the company meaning that the buyer does not have to wait until the cheque matures. The J Flora company will incorporate security measures not being used by other websites to ensure that customer information is hard-boiled with a lot of privacy ensuring that they do not lose their money to identity thieves or fraudsters which has been the case in online buying and selling. In fact, quite a number of consumers

Using current and historical examples discuss the interrelations Essay

Using current and historical examples discuss the interrelations existing between global capitalistic dynamics, international variations of work and workers agency - Essay ExampleThe incoming look into will investigate the existence of global capitalist dynamics, international variations of work and workers agency. The research will prove that global capitalist dynamics have encouraged the transformation of the work and workers agency making it professional.There has been a pressing conceive on the importance thresholds of workers, and workers agency in most organizations. Research has established that workers supply variable units of labour time while facing in all period of liquidity constraints. On the other hand, capitalists or owners of the firm do not work for the same model. However, significant amount of debate is centred on the disputation part off the job. That is, who receives the job first, how he receives and when does he or she receive the job. While on one side div ersity plays a crucial contribution in bridging the work diversity, it is clear that there are still other competitions in place.Similarly, there is a multitude of theories and research on how capitalists globalization works, who wins and how he wins and who loses as it conquers the globe and transform communities, regions and cities that countries and culture, however there is relatively little theory and research on globalization as a generic phenomenon approximation about and even on occasion practiced outside its historical container of globalizing capitalism (Martin, 2010 604). For that reason, the approach of capitalist globalization is based on the concept of transnational practices, practices that cross boundaries but do not originate with state institutions, actors, and agencies. Doogan (2009, p. 113) believes choice offers as it were the tools with which to construct a series of working hypothesis for keenly contested disagreements between globalization theorists and th eir opponents.Based on the above, there is a need to focus on debates on whether to what extent does capitalism prevails as a primeval issue

Communication field study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communication field study - Assignment ExampleThe staffs of the twain colleges need to call a language which is utilized by the majority of people. Any problem can be sorted out if the right guidance is given by CEO rather than directions. It is essential that the faculty members come up with their own creative ideas and lead the meetings in order to achieve the combined goal of the two schools.Every school essentially has formal and informal lines of communication channel which need to be exploited best for the good will of the schools. When working for solutions to problems, it is needed for the language to be objective because judgmental and factual thinking can work against the goal of the school. When it comes to communication, there can arise many barriers like futile listening, vague conversation, inappropriate language, use of jargons and differences in perceptions. This is because different people have different ideas and perceptions and in order for strategies to work t here should be ample interaction among the administrative staff. People from different culture think differently and act differently and when these factors are acknowledged by the CEO objectives of both the schools can be worked out

Mandatory Sentencing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Mandatory Sentencing - Research Paper ExampleThe paper tells that crime does not pay. We rotter seldom argue with this premise, and the adopt to inculcate this idea among the local populace of our cities and towns. However there is also a fear that in our zest to iodin out and punish those who are guilty of crimes against society and humanity, we are creating situations where too many people are backside bars. Indeed the rate of incarcerations in the regular army is one of the highest in the world, which is shameful for a country that considers itself the worlds foremost superpower and protector of human rights. Mandatory sentencing has been cited as one of the reasons behind the overpopulation in our prisons, creating situations where crime is further exacerbated by the formation of gangs, hardcore and small time criminals being grouped together, and the fact that some criminals are in need of medical attention rather than a life of incarceration that does not remedy their part icular situation or suit their particular needs. Mandatory sentencing is a form of judicial punishment in which the terms and duration of the punishment have already been set in Law depending on the crimes committed and the charges filed and turn out against the accused law breaker. This being the case, there is usually no or little room for a judge to intervene and set his own judgment depending on the individual circumstances of the case. Originally the need for mandatory sentencing was seen in cases of drug dealing and related offences. But later the effect of mandatory sentencing minimums was across-the-board to gun related crimes as well, as they initially proved an effective deterrent to crime. However as we shall see much of the initial laws have been repealed and the sentencing rock-bottom on humanitarian grounds. Even today, the debate rages on as to whether mandatory minimums still have a place and effect in law or not. There is much to support both points of view, as we shall see. The History and Uses of Mandatory Sentencing In the USA it was the 1951 Boggs Act that started the Federal mandatory minimum penalties for drug trafficking. The aloofness of some of these sentences was then increased in 1956. However the comprehensive reforms of the 1970 Drug Abuse and Control Act repealed the earlier Boggs Acts. This was followed by the enactment of the Rockefeller Drug Laws in 1973 which helped establish minimum 15 year and life sentences for various kinds of drug offences. Obviously the intent would have been to get the offenders off the streets for a considerable metre of time and in doing so make it safer for the targeted population. Laws such as Michigans 650 Lifer Law took a much harder stance on drug offences and ceremonious a minimum of life imprisonment without possibility of parole for possession and dealing with 650 grams of drugs such as cocaine and heroin- it also increased the penalties for smaller offences. In 1984, the Comprehensive Crime Control Act resulted in the creation of a U.S Sentencing way. It also phased out parole and set mandatory sentences for gun related crimes. both years later, in 1986 the Anti-Drug Abuse Act creates new federal minimum mandatory sentences for drug related offences. One year later, in 1987 the US Sentencing Commission enacted some guidelines to help the Courts in convicting and sentencing all federal drug related offences. In 1988, the Omnibus Drug Abuse Act not only added a mandatory minimum penalty for the possession of crack but also included conspiracy convictions in the mandatory penalty scheme. This has had little positive set up on the system since ruthless drug dealers do not care who they choose to carry out their dirty schemes to transport drugs across borders and it could often be an unwary traveler that has been trapped for no fault of his own except

Significance of the Ecosystem Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Significance of the Ecosystem Services - Essay ExampleThese are economic decisions and depend on both the implicit and manifest societal values. In this article, I will give standards of ecosystem work, biodiversity concepts and how the ecosystem is considered from economics, ethics and science points of view. Examples of ecosystem services include regulation of climate. This is one of the most significant services of the ecosystem on a worldwide and European scale. European ecosystem functions as a significant role in the regulation of climate because the terrestrial ecosystem in Europe resembles a carbon sink in approximately 12 percent of the carbon emissions that humans emit to the atmosphere. Another example of ecosystem service is the purification of water. Both the crap organisms and vegetation have profound effects on improvements of water. Vegetation is a critical factor that helps in control of floods. Wetlands and forests often offer water at a lower cost compared to m anmade facilities such as water treatment plants. Another example of ecosystem services is the regulation of pests and diseases (Wilson 17). This occurs because of the actions of parasites and predators and also defense mechanisms of their prey. One example of this control of pests and diseases is the offered by insectivorous birds that are available in the farmlands. Biodiversity concepts refer to variability and variety of living organisms. Biodiversity is significant in the functioning of the ecological systems. Ecosystem services represent the ecological process that humans may benefit. These processes function on an infinite number of scales. A number of ecosystem services ensure that their productivity in agriculture, including pollination, soil formation and pest control (Wilson 34). Biodiversity concepts may include diseases and pests control. Predators that prey on the parasites and insects control plant diseases.

Cell biology &genetics - lab report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cell biology &genetics - lab report - Essay ExampleThe objective of this experimentation is to observe the several stages of mitosis in an onion root cell through a light microscope.Onion root outcomes were prepared by washing in clean water and so rinsing with distilled water. After this, a root trace section about 2mm in thickness was cut from the root tip using a sterilized scalpel this was then placed on a glass slide with a drop of distilled water on it to avoid dehydration. by and by the root tip section was them fixed in Carnoys fluid inside a Bijou bottle for about 10 minutes. After fixing, the section was then transferred to a Petri dish containing distilled water where it was rinsed for approximately 2 minutes. After rinsing, the root tip section was then placed inside a bijou bottle containing 1 ml of 1M HCl and incubated at about 60C for about 5 minutes. The contents of the tube were then poured into a Petri dish and the root tip conservatively picked out using forc eps and transferred into another Bijou bottle containing aceto-orcein which was then left in a dark chamber for about 10 minutes. The bottle was then take away from the chamber and the root tip carefully removed using forceps and placed on a slide on which a drop of 45% acetic acid had been placed, this was then covered with a cover type. By this time the root tip section was already well softened and stained the tip was then squashed by slightly tapping on the cover slip with a pencil until it was evenly spread out under the cover slip as a pink mass. The glass slide with the root tip ready for observation on the microscope was then transferred to a light microscope and viewed at x400 blowup strength. Photographs of the cells undergoing mitosis were then taken and drawings made of the various stages of mitosis.It was observed in the experiment that the cell division process assumed all the four stages shown in the images to a higher place and that the staining clearly revealed the features of all the four stages it takes for a cell

Effects of indiginsation policy on Entreprenuership in Zimbabwe Essay

Effects of indiginsation indemnity on Entreprenuership in Zimbabwe - Essay ExampleAt the onset definition and green dynamics of indiginsation policy affecting entrepreneurial trends is presented. This presentation mainly includes the meaning of indiginsation from the economic perspective and the primary features of indiginsation policy influencing the entrepreneurial trends. This information will supporter in understanding the fundamentals of indiginsation policy necessary for structuring the subsequent sections of this study. Next the discussion regarding the entrepreneurial trends in Zimbabwe has been outlined. This will facilitate in comprehending the prevailing the entrepreneurial trends in Zimbabwe as well as opportunities and challenges faced by the Zimbabwean entrepreneurial (Moore & et. al, 2013). Again, the discussion regarding the impacts of indiginsation policy on entrepreneurs in Zimbabwe has been conducted with the aim of exploring the pros and cons of this policy on the entrepreneurs. In addition, the discussion regarding the practical illustrations has been presented. This information will help in acquiring coherent understanding regarding the impact of indiginsation policy on the economic harvest-tide and development of Zimbabwe. Lastly, the summary of the findings which include the summarized information of the contents discussed in the preceding sections. This section highlights the most relevant facts and information regarding the entrepreneurial trends in Zimbabwe and the impact of indiginsation policy on entrepreneurships. This will help to comprehend the most relevant facts in a precise manner.According to Kovacic & Shapiro (2000), the governments across the world have undertaken numerous policies and measures to call down economic growth and welfare of its citizens. These policies have profound impact on the various national and international aspects (Kovacic & Shapiro, 2000). In this regard, Wilson III (1990) noted that indiginsatio n is a system of a nation to extort greater domestic

Consumer Analysis of new video game store in London Ontario Research Paper

Consumer Analysis of new video game store in London Ontario - Research Paper Exampleormation as age, income, and grammatical gender characteristics, while behavioral synopsis provides some patterns of behavior common for the targeted audience (Acsbdc.org, n.d.).According to the Statistics published by the government of Canada, the population of London census metropolitan area, Ontario in 2011 was 474,790. The percentage of children aged between 0 to 14 comprised 16,6%, the working age population - 68,4%, and the percentage of the population aged 65 and over 15,0% (Statistics Canada). community by sex category is divided into male and female, whereas there are 229,950 males and 244,840 females. Below are presented visual illustrations of both age and sex distribution.Behavioral analysis of the customer is also knows as a psychographic profile which is applied for identifying and evaluating the factors influencing consumers choice. Thus, in a given case study, behavioral analysis s hould be used in order to analyze the reasons why customers make decision to buy products at Push Star versus the products sold in other locations (Acsbdc.org, n.d.). There were identified quaternity major factors, including the following price, store location and accessibility, assortment and availability of new games. Price is essential for users of video games. This factor is critical as with the development of profit technology and accessibility of free online platforms make video games less competitive on the market. Convenience and accessibility of the store also will play an primal role in the inflow of potential consumers. Assortment of the video games and other relevant products also will have impact on the consumers behavior. The greater the oscilloscope of video games is offered the greater customers loyalty will be. Availability of newly issued video games will also influence customers choice of the video games retailer.This group is the largest demographic for rental services. Customers of this age are more focused on rentals from the traditional rental

Analyzing the passage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyzing the passage - Essay ExampleHer chief concern for beautiful subjects on woman issue for which conventional history offers limited regard Pilar opts to explore in wider context, given the opportunity of being able to find out with keeping other things on record. By asking Who chooses what we should have intercourse or whats important? (Garcia, 28) enables Pilar to reiterate her significant understanding of a amenable initiative on knowing or learning by an individuals will and sense of accountability. These lines which Cristina Garcia thought of constituting Pilars objective with a more sensible basis, is dealt with in several respects of taking action in Dreaming in Cuban as the author directs the protagonist to acquire mobility and nostalgic means of arriving at the resolution for the fulfillment of her purpose (Goliath). On stressing If it were up to me, Id record other things (28) alludes that it is not Pilars sole discretion to carry out an extra-special undertaking that requires meeting and reconnecting with the early times of her original homeland through the tools of the present. With such tone as whitethorn be imagined to align with the theme of the radical statement, Pilar is likely found to have assessed equivalent worth at discerning matters beyond the realms of her Cuban foundation. flush while Celia, Pilars grandmother, creates the main influence behind her endeavor, the control does not entirely restrain Pilar from choosing how to act in convenience for herself. As she exemplifies options of discussing the Bombay prostitutes or the natural disaster in Congo, similarly she speaks out of an empowerment radiating between herself and the subject of interest under a common gender. In the process, Pilar figures she could only obtain too much of learning and appears to admit certain level of ignorance saying Why dont I know anything about them? (28) which signals how intricate her journey could get on accomplishing the task. Shifting phys ical as well as psychological settings by varying depths of imagination, Pilar attempts to draw in access to real points of unknown origins in Cuba to fill in the gaps of ignorance as she allows pertinent experience of commodities that are Cuban in nature. Globalization, thus, imposes upon her recapture progress the intent of demonstrating the outcomes of commodification or of modern mass production of pop culture in many forms of Cuban goods such as those in music, art, and fashion (Goliath). Without the knowledge of entropy and concerns not within her typical reach as indicated with Why dont I know anything bout them? (28) it would perhaps amount to improbability of guide the key of recollections to justify her momentary attachment to commodified encounters though the latter barely imparts the much-needed aid to facilitate recovery of the crucial past for Pilar. As a main female character in the novel who makes profoundly sentimental exclamation of the famous passage, Pilar na turally draws in the capability of distinguishing the priceless authenticity of the important old world from the current truth of evolved styles and movement that all come with a market value. With Like the time there was a freak hailstorm in the Congo and the women took it as a sign that they should rule or life stories of prostitutes in Bombay (28)

Addressing a Wide Range of Skills and Abilities in Classroom Personal Statement

Addressing a Wide Range of Skills and Abilities in Classroom - Personal Statement ExampleThey like to discourse things with peers, record lessons and listen to them, and engage in debates. Kinesthetic learners learn by doing things with hands for example, they highlight their notes and repeat lessons while jogging in the park. If I school a visual learner with audio, I might not get good results which I might get if I teach him through visual aids. Moreover, I would like to experiment with different teaching methods, like making groups of students and encouraging them to discuss the subject matter giving individual financial aid to each student to know his characteristic capabilities and, making pairs of them and assigning them different tasks according to their skills. I would create a holistic environment that persuades students to work in groups and engage in vigorous group activities to discuss and experiment with their topic while focusing on the practical illustrations. Thi s will help me address their numberless skills.

MICROECONOMIC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

MICROECONOMIC - Essay ExampleWhat is the marginal exist and marginal benefit of another hours ticket inspecting? ? PAY/?HOURS=0. However, the marginal benefit for the first hour is high, while the marginal cost is low. In the second hour, the marginal benefit is high scarce lower than the marginal benefit obtained in the first hour (Heijdra and Ploeg, 2002, p.124). On the other hand, the marginal cost for the second hour is higher than the marginal cost of the first hour. This trend continues as the event of hours progresses. Thus, parking inspectors can only increase or decrease the phone number of checks depending on their levels of satisfactions. c) What would happen to Deakins receipts from parking (income from permits and exquisitelys) and to Deakins be of enforcing parking restrictions if the likelihood of being fined if you dont have a permit is 100%? What approximately if it is 0%? The revenues of the follow are likely to increase if a fine for lack of permits is 100 %. However, people may become vigilant and decide to obtain the permits. In such(prenominal) a case, the revenues would only depend on individuals found without permits. The costs would still remain the same since the company would have finances for its operations. In case the fine for not having permits is 0%, the revenues of the company would decline. It would depend on other revenue streams. Additionally, costs for offering parking services would use up the finances of the company. d) Minimizing the costs of parking Daily allowances =$ 6 Total number of eld =96. Total cost of parking for the student = cost of daily fees x number of days attended =6 x96= $596. The student is better off not buying daily permits because it bequeath cost higher than the inclusive triple Tri-semester parking fee which is =$cxxv. On the other hand, the student will be better of buying the yearly permit which costs $250. This is because in a year, Tri-semester fees will cost 125 x3= 375. Question 2 sets and revenue a) Draw demand and supply diagrams to illustrate these two different markets. Make sure you label your diagrams, their axes and all relevant points. Price/charge supply curve y P2 P1 x Original dd curve 0 A2 A1 Number of car park permits According to the advice by the economists, reducing the number of permits from A1 to A2 would result in to more revenues. At A1 number of permits, the revenues that Deakin collects is represented by area A1 0 P1 X. When the number of permits is reduced to the level A2, t he monetary value/charge increases from P1 to P2. The revenue collected after the change in number of permits is represented by A2 0 P2 Y. The economists estimates that the area A2 0 P2 Y will be larger than A1 0 P1 X. If it is larger, then the Deakins can increase revenues by reducing the number of permits. In other words, incase the recommendations by the economists is implemented, the quantity of permits will reduce, the prices charged will increase and the reven ues will increase. b) Why does restricting the number of permits increase revenue for Deakin, but reduce it for the council? Explain what factors might bring about the different results in the two markets. According to the advice given to the local council, reduction in the number of permits will result in to reduction of revenues. This means that, if the council reduces the number of per

Global Branding Strategies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Branding Strategies - Research Paper ExampleAs the paper outlines, the world is becoming increasingly global. Companies are not just focussing on local markets in their service and harvest-time provision. They are now looking for new and more promising markets outside their borders and also need to make up market forces coming from their global competitors. The corporate world is now characterized by a fast flow of products internationally, an advertisement is also done across borders and on that point is a need to ensure that marketing strategies reflect these changes. (Kapfer, 1997)Brands are a fundamental part of any go withs key strategy. This is because brands give firms an identity. Keller (1998) asserts that brands help to strengthen their customer base and also to take away power from retailers alone. Aaker and Keller (1990) go on to add that a brand helps to solidify ones position in any market. However, in that respect are some key questions that arise when tr ansaction with the issue. Firms need to ask themselves whether they would like to maintain the same brand name in contrary countries and locations. Firms who tell apart to do this could justify their actions by claiming that this allows them to maintain their identity passim. On the other hand, some firms may decide to take up different brands within the different countries that they will choose to operate. Such firms may believe that brand names need to reflect demand and the needs of a particular country. These questions need to be addressed so as to ensure that a given company take advantage of all the opportunities available in the international market. Some companies may have made quite a name for themselves in the domestic markets. Their products may have such a unique place in their product markets such that they have considerable influence there. It would, therefore, be advisable to maintain the same brand for such companies when venturing into global markets. Caller (19 96) asserts that this will go a long way in ensuring that such companies are able to leverage their power in the domestic market to international markets. A good physical exertion of such a company is Coca Cola. It started with a very strong image in its domestic market and decided to maintain its name throughout its market.Another aspect that could make certain companies stick to the same brand name is the integration of regional markets. For example in Europe, there are many countries that are now operating under the same currency and targeting each other. Consequently, it would be advisable to create brand names that can accommodate many countries all at once. The European Union has changed the traditional approach of locally-centered products. There is a need to incorporate brands for the EU markets. (Featherstone, 1990)Some companies may be dealing with certain products that have relatively equal levels of demand in the target markets they are dealing with. A good example of such a company is Shell. The Company deals with various petroleum products. These are items that are in high demand in different parts of the world.

Accounting Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Accounting Research - Essay ExampleConsidering fairness as an integral part of focus accounting, it is basically divided into two forms that overwhelm formal and informal fairness. In this regard, formal fairness takes into concern the design of perplexity accounting system. Furthermore, it basically frames an effective structure for the managers who require setting up their predetermined goals along with budgets. It can be affirmed that the notion of formal fairness monitors the performances of the managers and delivers rewards accordingly (Matlala1-82). Conversely, informal fairness mainly entails the process through which the managers engage to execute the management accounting system. Fairness, as a valuable area of management frames various contributing factors that assist in ascertaining effectiveness of diverse organizations. harmonize to various observations, it can be analyzed that fairness is basically taken into concern as the perception related to organizational justi ce. This particular area of management accounting research i.e. fairness is quite interesting owing to the reason that justice along with fairness depicts proper functioning of organizational activities at large. check to recent observations, fairness is associated with the facet of controllability, which is mainly considered as an objective. It has been viewed that depending on the reports related to distribution of awards and performance, incentives are equally distributed amidst the employees. Furthermore, fairness can also be achieved by considering the equal pay and awards amidst the employees. In this context, a relationship can be formed between fair judgment and equity. By providing fair treatment to the employees, the management ensures optimum concentration of the employees. Furthermore, on receiving equal payment and awards, retention rate of the employees accelerates towards the accomplishment of organizational

Soft Drink Industry Case Study Essay Example for Free

Soft Drink Industry Case Study EssayIntroduction Description The diffused take in patience is concentrated with the 3 study(ip) players, Coca-Cola Co. , PepsiCo Inc. , and Cadbury Schweppes Plc. , making up 90 percent of the $52 billion dollar a year internal balmy assimilate food merchandise (Santa, 1996). The cushiony make merry market is a relatively mature market with annual ripening of 4-5% causing intense rivalry among grasss for market sh atomic number 18 and growth (Crouch, Steve). This paper go away explore Porters Five Forces to determine whether or non this is an attractive effort and what ramparts to entry (if whatsoever) exist. In addition, we will c everyplace several critical success particularors and the future of the diligence. Segments The yielding drink pains has two major segments, the flavor segment and the distri hardlyion segment. The flavor segment is dual-lane into 6 categories and is listed in table 1 by market sh ar. The statisti cal distribution segment is divided in to 7 segments Supermarkets 31. 9%, fountain operators 26. 8%, peddle machines 11. 5%, convenience stores 11. 4%, delis and drug stores 7. 9%, club stores 7. 3%, and restaurants 3. 2%. Table 1 Market Sh are 19901991199219931994 Cola69. 9 69. 768.36765. 9 Lemon-Lime11. 711. 812 12. 112. 3 Pepper5. 66. 26. 97. 37. 6 Root 2. 72. 82. 32. 72. 7 Orange2. 32. 3 2. 62. 32. 3 Other7. 87. 27. 98. 69. 2 Source Industry Surveys, 1995 Caveats The only limitations on access to information were 1. Financial information has not yet been made ready(prenominal) for 1996. 2. The majority of the information targets the end consumer and not the sales good deal from the major well-fixed drink producers to local distributors. 3. There was no data available to determine over capacity. Socio-Economic Relevant Governmental or Environmental Factors, etc.The Federal Government regulates the fragile drink industry, like any industry where the public ingests the harves t-tides. The regulations vary from ensuring clean, safe wares to regulating what those fruits erect contain. For example, the government has only approved four sweeteners that can be used in the making of a cottony drink (Crouch, Steve). The kooky drink industry currently has had very little impact on the environment. One environmental issue of allude is that the use of flexibles adversely affects the environment overdue to the unusually long time it takes for it to degrade.To combat this, the major competitors invite lead in the recycling effort which starting signal with aluminum and now plastics. The only other adverse environmental impact is the plastic straps that hold the cans together in 6-packs. These straps gather in been blamed for the deaths of fish and mammals in both fresh and salt water. Economic Indicators Relevant for this Industry The general growth of the economy has had a slight positive influence on the growth of the industry. The general growth in a l-Quran for the industry, 4-5 percent, has been ba hope keeping up with inflation and growths on margins have been even less, only 2-3 percent (Crouch, Steve).Threat of young Entrants Economies of Scale Size is a crucial factor in reducing operating expenses and being able to make strategic nifty outlays. By consolidating the abrupt bottling side of the industry, operating expenses may be spread over a larger sales base, which strike downs the per case cost of cable. In addition, larger corporate coffers cede for capital investment in automated tall speed bottling lines that increase efficiency (Industry Surveys, 1995). This trend is supported by the decline in the number of convergenceion workers employed by the industry at higher wages and fewer hours.This in conjunction with the increased value of shipments over the period shows the increase in efficiency and the economies gained by consolidation (See table 2). Table 2 General Statistics Year CompaniesWorkersHoursWagesVa lue of Shipments 1982162642. 485. 27. 84 16807. 5 198341. 585. 18. 2417320. 8 198439. 8 81. 78. 5118052 1985141437. 277. 89. 119358. 2 1986 133535. 573. 59. 7720686. 8 1987119035. 471. 510. 45 22006 1988113535. 271. 810. 7823310. 3 1989102733. 4 67. 710. 9823002. 1 19909413265. 711. 4823847. 5 1991 31. 966. 811. 8525191. 1 199229. 861. 612. 46 26260. 4 199328. 659. 312. 9327224.4 199427. 4 56. 913. 3928188. 5 199526. 254. 513. 8629152. 5 1996 2552. 114. 3230116. 5 Source Manufacturing USA, 4th Ed. unless evidence of economies is supported by the increased return on assets from 1992-1995, as shown in table 3. degree Celsius and Pepsi clearly show increased return on assets as the asset base increases. However, Cadbury/Schweppes does not show conclusive evidence from 95 to 96. Table 3 CADBURY/SCHWEPPES93949596 ASSETS2963100 326690035015004595000 SALES33724003724800 40296004776000 NET INCOME195600236800261900300000 Sales/In exercise5. 80%6. 36% 6. 50%6. 28% Income/Assets6. 60%7. 25%7 . 48%6.53% COKE ASSETS11051934120210001387300015041000 SALES 13073860139630001618100018018000 NET INCOME1664382217600025540002986000 Sales/Income12. 73%15. 58%15. 78%16. 57% Income/Assets15. 06%18. 10% 18. 41%19. 85% PEPSI ASSETS20951200237058002479200025432000 SALES 21970000250210002847240030421000 NET INCOME374300158800017520001606000 Sales/Income 1. 70%6. 35%6. 15%5. 28% Income/Assets1. 79%6. 70%7. 07%6. 31% Source Compact Disclosure heavy(p) Requirements The requirements within this industry are very high. Production and distribution systems are extensive and necessary to compete with the industry leaders.Table 4 shows the average capital expenditures by the triplet industry leaders. Table 4 Dec-95Dec-94Jan-94Jan-93 Receivables1624333 138576712266331077912 Inventories867666. 7 803666. 7777366. 7716673. 7 Plant Equip5986333 579536752466004642058 Total Assets15022667 140555001299790011655411 Source Compact Disclosure The magnitude of these expenditures causes this to be a high barrier to entry. Proprietary Product Differences Each firm has brands that are unique in packaging and image, however any of the carrefour differences that may acquire are well duplicated.However, secret formulas do create a difference or good will that cannot be duplicated. The best example of this is the New Coke fiasco of 1985. Coke reformulated its product due to test market results that showed New Coke beat Pepsi 47% to 43% and New Coke was preferred over old Coke by a 10% margin. However, Coke executives did not take into account the good will created by the old Coke hear and formula. The introduction of New Coke as a replacement of Coke was met by outrage and unrelenting protest by the public. Three months from the initial lay down of New Coke, management apologized to the public and reissued the old Coke formula.Test marking shows that there is only a small difference in actual product taste (52% Pepsi, 48% Coke), but the good will created by a brand can have signific ant proprietary differences (Dess, 1993). This is a high barrier to entry. Absolute Cost Advantage Brands do have secret formulas, which makes them unique and new entry into the industry difficult. New products must re chief(prenominal) outside of secure zones but these differences can be slight. This leads to the conclusion that the absolute cost advantage is a number 1 barrier within this industry. Learning CurveThe shift in the manufacturing of soft drinks is gravitating toward automation due to speed and cost. However, industry technology is low and the manufacturing process is not difficult, therefore the learning curve will be lilliputian and will have a low barrier to entry. Access to Inputs All the comments within the soft drink industry are good items. These take cane, beet, gamboge syrup, honey, concentrated fruit juice, plastic, glass, and aluminum. Access to these inputs is not a barrier to enter the industry. Proprietary Low Cost Production The process of manufac turing soft drinks is not a proprietary process.The methods used in the process are relatively standard within the industry and the knowledge needed to begin production can easily be acquired. This is not a barrier to entry. Brand Identity This is a very strong force within the industry. It takes a long time to wax a brand that has recognition and customer loyalty. Brand loyalty is indeed the HOLY GRAIL to American consumer product companies. (Industry Surveys, 1995) A well recognized brand will foster customer loyalty and creates the opportunity for real market character growth, equipment casualty flexibility, and above average profitability (Industry Surveys, 1995).Therefore this is a high barrier to entry. Access to Distribution Distribution is a critical success factor within the industry. Without the network, the product cannot get to the final consumer. The most successful soft drink producers are aggressively expanding their distribution channels and consolidating the ind ependent bottling and distribution centers. From 1978 to the present, the number of Coca-Cola bottlers decreased from 370 to 120 (Industry Surveys, 1995). In addition, 31. 9% of the soft drink business is in supermarkets, where acquiring shelf space is very difficult (Santa, 1996).This is a high barrier to entry. Expected Retaliation Market share within the industry is critical therefore any attempt to take market share from the leaders will result in significant retaliation. The soft drink industry is a moderately mature market with slow single digit growth (Industry Surveys, 1995). Projected growth rates are 4-5% in sales volume and 2- 3% in margin (Crouch, Steve). Therefore, growth in market share is obtained by s afternoon tealing share from rivals causing retaliation to be high in defense of current market position. This is a high barrier to entry.Conclusion To be successful on a large scale, the high capital requirements for manufacturing, distribution, and marketing are high barriers to entry. Therefore the threat of new entrants is low making this an attractive industry. Suppliers Supplier concentration Supplier concentration is low due to the fact that the main ingredients are sugar (cane and beet), water, various chemicals, and aluminum cans, plastic and glass bottles. There are many places to get sugar and ingredients for soft drinks because they are commodity items.The containers (aluminum cans, bottles etc.) make up 36 percent of all the inputs that the industry uses. Other supplies like sugars, syrups and extracts account for 23 percent of the inputs (Manufacturing USA). There are five major suppliers of glass bottles. Altrista Corp. , Anchor Glass Container, Glassware of Chile, Owens Illinois, and Vistro Sa are the major makers of glass bottles (Compact Disclosure). This is a fair amount of suppliers considering that only five percent of soft drink sales are in glass bottles. There are even more suppliers of plastic bottles. This is good because 43% of all sales are from plastic bottles (Prince, 1996).All this makes the concentration for glass and plastic suppliers moderate. The aluminum can industry is even older and more accomplished than the plastic industry. Reynolds Metal Products, American national Can Company and Metal Container Corp. are the main suppliers of aluminum cans. 50. 6% of hail soft drink sales are packaged in aluminum cans (Prince, 1996). Since the aluminum industry is older and more established, these are likely to be the only manufacturers for a while. Even though the concentration of aluminum producers are low there are only three major players in the industry, Coke, Pepsi, and Cadbury.These three account for nearly 90% of domestic soft drink sales (Dawson, 1996). This makes the equilibrise of index number slightly favor the suppliers of aluminum cans, even though the number of producers and buyers are equal (3). Syrups and extracts account for 16. 7% of input costs to the soft drink industry (M anufacturing USA, Fourth Ed. ). Even though these are a small percentage of inputs, all the major soft drink companies own companies that produce flavour extracts and syrups (Industry Surveys, 1995). This is probably due to the fact that they all have secret formulas and this is how they protect the secret.Coke, Pepsi, and Dr. Pepper all have secret formulas. This makes the concentration of suppliers for extracts very low but they are owned by the soft drink industry. This backward integration by the major players makes the power question moot. Suppliers do have limited power over the soft drink industry. The concentration of suppliers remains relatively low, which would seem to give the supplier power. The shear mass and volume that the industry buys negates that effect and balances, if not tips it back toward the soft drink industry.Presence of easing Inputs There is not a lot of variety in inputs. The biggest substitute input was when the industry switched from aluminum cans to plastic bottles. This made the glass industry close shake out completely. The next big substitute input was for sugar. Since people were demanding more and more slipway to lose weight and consume fewer calories, the diet soft drink exploded in sales. This demand made the soft drink industry see to it an alternative to sugar to sweeten their product. This substitute turned out to be Nutrasweet non-sugar sweetener.This was found to reduce the calories and retain the taste of their respective products. Other sweeteners, like molasses, do not work because they change the flavor of the product. Most of these substitute inputs had already taken place so they become less relevant to the industry as time marched on. Substitute inputs usually do not become important until the customer or market changes dramatically. This happens when new studies come out from the government active how harmful something is. This was the case when scientists came out with the study that stated that sacch arin was harmful to rats.The industry had to respond by reducing its use of saccharin and look for a substitute. At this time, the industry found Nutrasweet to be a reasonable substitute for saccharin, which was used more heavily in diet drinks. All in all, there are a lot of substitutes for packaging but not for sweeteners because these sweeteners must have government approval (Crouch, Steve). This makes suppliers have power over the industry as seen in the almost overnight empire of Nutrasweet. This will most likely change drastically when Aspirtain (Nutrasweet) loses its patent in a few years. preeminence of InputsSugar is commonly available while Nutrasweet is patented. There is no differentiation for sugar and only one choice in Nutrasweet. As far as the other chemicals and inputs, they are commodity items, and it does not matter who supplies them. This makes suppliers have little power over the soft drink industry. Importance of Volume to Supplier The soft drink industry buys a large portion of the Nutrasweet market but their percentage of purchases are falling as other products begin to use it. Sugar is bought but not in the volume that the grocery store or other industries do.The aluminum can, plastic bottles and glass bottles (less now) are all pretty much dependent on the soft drink industry for their livelihood. This makes the supplier have pretty much no power over the industry. Impact of Input on Cost or Differentiation Since the inputs are basic elements there is no differentiation and therefore no impact on the final product for using different inputs. If the price of the input changed, it would dramatically change the price of the product as the aluminum cartel did in 1994. Since the major inputs are commodity items, the prices can change dramatically due to environmental forces.If the sugar industry suffers a loss due to weather or because of political unrest (like in Cuba), then the prices go up and the soft drink industry is usually left ab sorbing them. The soft drink industry can not, in all cases, simply pass along the price increase. Customers and distributors are more price sensitive than ever. This makes the supplier have a fair amount of bargaining power over the industry. Threat of Backward or Forward Integration With the current climate of sticking to the core of the company, there is little threat of backward integration into the suppliers industry.This is after the fact that they already have commixd into the extracts to protect their secrets. The integration into the extract-producing segment of the suppliers will be the extent of the backward integration. The suppliers do not have the capital required to forward integrate into the soft drink industry. This makes the industry attractive for investment. Access to Capital The soft drink industry is very profitable and therefore looked upon favorably by fiscal institutions. This includes the stock market, direct investors (bondholders), and banks.Currently th e operating margins for the industry have grown from 17. 9% in 1992 to 19. 5% in 1996. The intercommunicate operating margins are projected to grow to 20. 5% from 1997 to 2001 (Value Line 1996). The profit margins and demand are increasing for the soft drink industry (Industry Surveys, 1995). What this means is that capital is available for expansion or upgrading, if additional capital is required. This is favorable to the industry. Access to Labor The industry is not highly technical except for chemical engineering. This means that the demands for skilled labor are not very high.Which means that the soft drink industry will not have trouble finding labor. There are no established labor unions. The average labor cost is no more than in any other industry. The average hourly wage is $11. 85 per hour, which just about the equivalent as all manufacturing firms of $11. 49 (Manufacturing USA). Summary of Suppliers When you sum up the different aspects of the suppliers you come to the q uick conclusion that the power is definitely in the give of the soft drink industry. This makes the industry very attractive for investment and for the companies already in the industry from the supply aspect.This means that it is attractive to new entrants as well. vendees Buyer Concentration versus Industry Concentration The buyers for the soft drink industry are members of a large network of bottlers and distributors that represent the major soft drink companies at the local level. Distributors purchase the finished, packaged product from the soft drink companies while bottlers purchase the major ingredients. With the consolidation that has occurred within the industry, there is little difference amongst the two. Distributors are assigned to represent a specific geographic area, for example a town or a county.In turn, these distributors are responsible for distributing the product to the retailers who sell the products to the end consumer. In recent years, the national compani es have been purchasing independent bottlers in an effort to consolidate the business and gain some distribution economies of scale (Thompson and Strickland, 1993). Buyer Volume The contractual agreements, which are present in this industry, dictate that the major soft drink companies will sell their products to the distributors. Therefore, buyer volume is not a factor for this industry. Buyer fracture CostIndependent bottlers have contractual agreements to represent that company within a certain area. Switching costs would include establishing new relationships with other companies to represent and the legal costs associated with distributors being released from the contract. Buyer Information Distributors are very informed about the product that they are distributing. Information flows freely between the soft drink Companies and the local distributors and down to the retailers. There are many co-operative promotions where distributors and soft drink companies collaborate on price and advertising campaigns (Crouch, Steve).For example, major soft drink firms will send a regular report out to its distributors describing upcoming promotional events where the cost will be shared between the two companies. For promotions that fall outside of this report, the distributors will have to coordinate that sponsorship with the soft drink company. Threat of Backward Integration It is questionable that local distributors will move into the actual production process of soft drinks. Distributors specialize in the transportation and promotion of the product that they rely on the carbonate beverage companies produce.However, major retailers for example Wal-Mart and Harris Teeter have begun distributing their own private label brands of soft drinks. Wal-Mart now offers Sams Choice and Harris Teeter offers Presidents Choice at a significantly lower price. These private label competitors will not provide the variety of packaging alternatives, which make the national leaders so successful (PepsiCo 1995 yearbook Report). For example, Pepsi offers 12-ounce cans, 20 ounce bottles, 1 liter bottles, six packs, twelve packs, cases and The Cube 24 can boxes. Pull Through Pull through is not a factor from the independent bottlers perspective.These bottlers have a franchise agreement to represent a major carbonated beverage company on the local level. These distributors are legally bound to represent these companies and therefore cannot choose not to promote certain types of beverages. Brand Identity of Buyers Brand identity of buyers is not relevant to the distributors because of the contractual relationship that exists where distributors represent the soft drink companies. The distributors have an exclusive contractual agreement to represent that soft drink brand. Price Sensitivity Distributors are not highly price sensitive buyers.Independent bottlers are on a national contract so all distributors pay the same price for the same products. Price to Total Purchas es Soft drinks are the single product that the distributors are concerned with so price is very important to them. Soft drink companies rely on these distributors to represent them on the local level, so it is important to maintain a healthy relationship. Impact on Quality and Performance All three of the leading carbonated beverage producers, Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, and Cadbury Schweppes believe that their buyers (distributors) are an important step in taking their products to the end consumer.The service, which their distributors provide to the retailers, makes a difference to the retailers who sell the product to the end consumer. The actions of that distributor reflect on the soft drink company so if the distributor does not provide the level of service that retailer or restaurant appetencys, it may harm the companys image. Substitute Products Relative price/performance relationship of Substitutes The carbonated beverage industry provides a non-alcoholic means of satisfying an indi viduals desire to quench their thirst. Traditionally, coffee and tea would be considered substitute products.In recent years, carbonated beverages have seen the emergence of many new substitute products that wish to reduce soft drinks market share. The soft drink market has been traditionally competitive, without the added friction from ready to drink tea, shelf stable juice, sports drinks and still-water competitors also. (Gleason, 1996) Leaders in these emerging segments include Quaker Oats, with their Snapple and Gatorade products, Perrier, and Arizona Iced Teas. In other words, Pepsi isnt Cokes biggest competition, Tap water is. (Gleason, 1996).Generally speaking, soft drinks are less expensive to the consumer than these substitute products. Buyer Propensity to Substitute Buyer propensity to substitute is low due to the contractual relationships between the soft drink companies and the distributors. Rivalry Degree of Concentration and Balance among Competitors Three main compet itors Pepsico, Coca-Cola, and Dr. Pepper/Cadbury control the Soft Drink industry. Their combined total sales revenues account for 90 percent of the entire domestic market. This market dominance makes the industry a fiercely competitive and dynamic business environment to operate in.The single market leader is Coca-Cola with a 42 percent market share and over $18 billion in sales worldwide. PepsiCo maintains a 31 percent market share with $10. 5 billion in sales worldwide. The smallest of the three leaders is Dr. Pepper/Cadbury, which holds roughly 16 percent of the market. Cokes consistent dominance of both Pepsi and Dr. Pepper/Cadbury has caused Coke to become a household name when referring to soft drinks. As far as balance among competitors is concerned, PepsiCo is a much larger company than Coke and Dr. Pepper/Cadbury combined.The reason being that PepsiCo also owns companies in the nosh and food industries (Frito-Lay, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, and KFC). With a work force of 480,00 0 people, PepsiCo is the worlds third largest employer behind General Motors and Wal-Mart. This has not lead to a more profitable soft drink business, nor has it helped PepsiCo use its size to steal market share from Coke or Dr. Pepper/Cadbury. Diversity among Competitors Though Coca-Cola dominates the industry in sales volume and market share, it does not dominate when it comes to innovative marketing and business strategy efforts.For instance, PepsiCo generates 71 percent of its revenues from the U. S. , while Coca-Cola derives 71 percent of its from international markets. Similarly, PepsiCo only gets 41 percent of its total revenues from soft drinks. The remaining 59 percent come from its snack and food business. Coke on the other hand gets all of its revenues from its soft drinks. Clearly both of the industry leaders have different strategies as far as revenue generation is concerned. However, as far as their product lines are concerned they are very similar and operate parallel to one another.Pepsi and Coca-Cola both have lemon-lime, citrus, root beer, and cola flavors. Dr. Pepper/Cadbury does not have as similar a product line to that of Pepsico and Coca-Cola. It manufactures Dr. Pepper (a unique spicy cola drink), ginger ale, tonic water, and carbonated water under its Schweppes and Canada dry out brands. Coke does have an answer to Dr. Pepper in its Mr. Pibb, but only holds a . 4 percent market share compared to Dr. Peppers 6 percent market share. The relatively low level of diversity makes the soft drink industry unattractive for investment. Industry Growth RateAlthough new product lines have come into the beverage industry over the past two to three years, the soft drink segment has held and grown its share steadily. The onslaught of the sport drink and bottled tea have proven to be a passing fad that has gained little if no long term market share from soft drinks. Growth figures for the soft drink industry have been very steady since 1993, and are projected to continue to be so into the last part of the twentieth century. As can be seen in Figure 1, volatility was somewhat prevalent in the 1980s but has since lessened and leveled off (Valueline, 1996).Figure 1 Year87-8888-8989-9090-9191- 9292-9393-9494-95 Growth5. 7%5. 2%2% 3%2. 9%4%4. 4%4% Over the past ten years soft drinks have gained 5 percent of total beverage sales, putting them over the 25 percent share level for all beverage sales. As for new and emerging markets, both Coke and Pepsi are attacking the international environment. Coca-Cola generates 80 percent of its revenues abroad, and Pepsi is attempting but failing to put more emphasis there as well. Pepsi is losing customers to Coke in every major foreign territory.The company has always struggled overseas, but in the past few months it has lost key strongholds in Russia and Venezuela to Coke (Sellers, 1996). Because of the consistent growth of both the domestic and foreign markets, the soft drink industry is attra ctive for investment. Fixed Costs The SP Industry Survey has shown the soft drink industry profit margin to be on a steady incline over the past fifteen years. Levels in 1980 were near 14%, while as of year-end 1995 were over 20% and expected to flatten a bit. This flattening effect may be an indication that fixed costs are on the rise due to expansion